Opponents said the legislation, which would bar federal courts from ruling on the constitutional validity of the pledge, would undercut judicial independence and would deny access to federal courts to religious minorities seeking to defend their rights.
``We are making an all-out assault on the Constitution of the United States, which, thank God, will fail," said minority leader Nancy Pelosi, a California Democrat.
The pledge bill would deny jurisdiction to federal courts and appellate jurisdiction to the Supreme Court to decide questions pertaining to the interpretation or constitutionality of the pledge. State courts could still decide whether the pledge is valid within the state.
The legislation grew out of a 2002 ruling by the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that the pledge is unconstitutional when recited in public schools.
The Supreme Court in 2004 reversed that decision on a technicality, saying Sacramento atheist Michael Newdow did not have legal standing to sue on behalf of his daughter because the mother had custody of the child. Newdow has since revived the case and last year a US District judge ruled in his favor.
Newdow, an attorney and physician, said in an interview that he hoped the bill would pass to expose the aims of its supporters. ``They're willing to ruin this country so they can keep their God in our country. "
Supporters argued that the ``under God" phrase, added to the pledge in 1954, was intrinsic to the nation's heritage and traditions and must be shielded from unelected judges.
Representative Todd Akin, the Montana Republican who sponsored the measure, said that denying a child the right to recite the pledge was a form of censorship. ``We believe that there is a God who gives basic rights to all people and it is the job of the government to protect those rights."
Davison Douglas, a professor at the William and Mary School of Law, said constitutional scholars are divided over whether such congressional restrictions on judicial review would pass constitutional muster.
He noted that ``past efforts to bar all federal court review of hot-button social issues have consistently failed. Hence, if this bill is enacted, it would be a highly significant landmark in terms of congressional efforts to control the actions of federal courts."
There is a companion Senate bill, but it is unclear whether the Senate will take it up in the current session.
Representative Dana Rohrabacher, a California Republican, said the effort to strip courts of authority could come back to haunt his fellow conservatives if liberals gain control of Congress in the future. As an example, he said Congress could prevent the Supreme Court from ruling on a state's decision to ban guns.
The Rev. Barry Lynn, executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, said that under the bill, ``religious minorities will no longer have the right to go to federal court to defend their deeply held religious beliefs."
