The announcement of the shutdown set off panicked buying of bottled water, soft drinks, and milk, leaving supermarket shelves bare. Families filled bathtubs and buckets before taps ran dry.
China's central government confirmed for the first time yesterday that the shutdown was a result of a ''major water pollution incident" in the Songhua River after the Nov. 13 explosion, which killed five people in the nearby city of Jilin. Local officials had disclosed the reason for the shutdown earlier, but officials in Beijing had refused to comment.
The explosion, which forced the evacuation of 10,000 people, was blamed on human error in a tower that processed benzene.
In neighboring Russia, news reports said concern was growing over the pollution threat in the border city of Khabarovsk, about 435 miles downriver from Harbin.
The benzene stretches some 50 miles along the river, with levels at some places 30 times the acceptable standard, the official Xinhua News Agency said. It said the chemical was expected to reach Harbin early today and should be gone by Saturday.
Yesterday Harbin was drilling 100 wells that were expected to produce 21 million gallons of water per day, said Zhang Dingbang, deputy secretary of the municipal government.
The city has 918 wells supplying hospitals and some residential areas.
The disaster highlights the precarious state of China's water supplies. The country is trying to meet competing demands from its 1.3 billion people and booming industry, while the government says major rivers are dangerously polluted.
With its huge population, China ranks among countries with the smallest water supplies per person. Hundreds of cities regularly suffer shortages of water for drinking or industry.
Protests have erupted in rural areas throughout the country over complaints that pollution is ruining water supplies and damaging crops. Protesters often accuse officials of failing to enforce environmental rules, either in exchange for bribes or for fear of hurting local business.
''This is the tip of the iceberg," said Elizabeth C. Economy, director of Asia Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and author of the 2004 book ''The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China's Future."
