There was no immediate claim of responsibility.
Faron Taylor, a deputy state fire marshal, said investigators believe the fires were set in at least four of the homes, which were priced between $400,000 and $500,000. Taylor refused to say what led investigators to conclude it was arson.
"At this point, our knowledge of the methodology is shared by us and the perpetrator, and we don't want to share that with anyone else," Taylor said. "We're not going to tip our hand."
A Sierra Club report had called the development "quintessential sprawl" because it is far from existing infrastructure and "threatens a fragile wetland and important historical sites near the Chesapeake Bay."
After the fires, the Sierra Club issued a statement saying it "strongly condemns all acts of violence in the name of the environment."
FBI spokesman Barry Maddox said agents were on the scene and would investigate whether the fires were an act of ecoterrorism.
"Anything and everything will be considered, but we're not labeling this anything other than suspicious fires," Maddox said.
The blazes were reported before 5 a.m., drawing firefighters from four counties to the subdivision about 25 miles south of the nation's capital. The houses, on lots of about a quarter-acre each, were spread across a 10-acre area, Taylor said.
"This was a very, very affluent neighborhood under construction," Taylor said.
The fires are being investigated by the Maryland fire marshal's office and the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, which is routinely brought in to help investigate large fires.
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